Which of the following is/are functions of the enteric nervous system? Check all that apply.
It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus.
It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes.
It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines.
It innervates the sweat glands of the abdominal wall.
It decreases urine production.
It regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus.
It regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes.
It innervates smooth muscles of the intestines.
The digestive tract has a nervous system of its own called the _________ nervous system.
enteric
parasympathetic
sympathetic
peripheral
central
enteric
Which of the following levels of the central nervous system plays a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
Brainstem
Basal nuclei
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
Brainstem
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the adrenal glands' relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.
The adrenal cortex is an extension of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal glands are strictly nerve tissue.
The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
The adrenal medulla is penetrated by the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla is penetrated by the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.
Which of the following structure(s) is/are associated with the sympathetic nervous system? Check all that apply.
The adrenal cortex
The adrenal medulla
The thoracolumbar spinal cord
The pineal gland
The vagus nerve
The adrenal medulla
The thoracolumbar spinal cord
Which of the following is a component of the visceral reflex? Check all that apply.
Receptor
Afferent neurons
Enzymes
Integrating center
Efferent neurons
Receptor
Afferent neurons
Integrating center
Efferent neurons
When body temperature increases, thermoreceptors are stimulated and send nerve signals to the CNS. The CNS sends motor signals to sweat glands, which attempt to reduce body temperature. This is an example of a __________ reflex.
withdrawal
stretch
tendon organ
visceral
somatic
visceral
A malfunctioning visceral reflex can be the cause of a(n) __________, which can result in disorder and/or disease.
negative feedback system
positive feedback system
bacterial infection
homeostatic imbalance
homeostatic imbalance
Which of the following is/are true statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS? Check all that apply.
All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic.
All postganglionic neurons of the ANS are adrenergic.
All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.
Some parasympathetic neurons use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic.
All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.
Which of the following is not an example of an autonomic receptor?
Muscarinic
Nicotinic
Cholinergic
Adrenergic
Ganglionic
Ganglionic
The _________ division of the ANS increases alertness. The __________ division has a calming effect on the body.
sympathetic; somatic
sympathetic; parasympathetic
parasympathetic; sympathetic
somatic; sympathetic
somatic; parasympathetic
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control.
pons
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
midbrain
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?
Sensory receptor → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → efferent nerve fiber → gland
Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → gland
Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland
Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → gland
Sensory receptor → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → gland
Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland
Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except __________.
changing the diameter of the pupil
adjusting heart rate and force
altering salivary mucus secretion
regulating gastrointestinal motility
maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck
Sympathetic fibers do not release __________.
acetylcholine
nitric oxide (NO)
substance P
neuropeptide Y
norepinephrine
nitric oxide (NO)
Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in the __________.
vagus
trigeminal
splanchnic
facial
sciatic
vagus
Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete __________.
myelinated; norepinephrine (NE)
myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
and norepinephrine(NE)
unmyelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
unmyelinated; norepinephrine(NE)
myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)
The parasympathetic division arises from the __________ regions of the spinal cord.
brain, thoracic, and lumbar
brain, sacral, and coccygeal
brain, lumbar, sacral, and
coccygeal
sacral and lumbar
brain and sacral
brain and sacral
Fibers of the vagus nerve end very near or within their target organs.
True
False
True
Sympathetic fibers arise only from the __________ region(s) of the spinal cord.
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
thoracic and lumbar
thoracic
cervical
lumbar
thoracic and lumbar
The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __________ neurons.
no
one
two
three
four
two
Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
True
False
True
Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________.
blood clotting
blood flow to the skeletal muscles
sweating
hair erection
gastrointestinal motility
gastrointestinal motility
Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?
It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate.
It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation.
It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction.
It does not affect heart rate.
It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely __________.
activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities
block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis
stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles
decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression
decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?
Acetylcholine
Nicotine
Muscarine
Norepinephrine
Thyroxine
Norepinephrine
The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.
True
False
False
The parasympathetic division stimulates digestion.
True
False
True
Damage to the __________ may affect near vision accommodation.
celiac ganglion
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
facial nerve (CN VII)
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
cardiac plexus
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
The autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell.
True
False
False
A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ___________.
preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
postganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
preganglionic; norepinephrine (NE)
postganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
somatic; norepinephrine (NE)
preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)
Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Splanchnic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Facial nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
Postganglionic neurons of the
parasympathetic division
All motor fibers of the somatic motor system
Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division
Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the __________ levels of the spinal cord.
cervical and thoracic
thoracic and lumbar
thoracic, lumbar and sacral
sacral, lumbar and coccygeal
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
All autonomic output originates in the
central nervous system.
True
False
True
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?
Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.
It does not arise from the spinal cord.
It innervates smooth muscle.
It innervates glands.
It does not arise from the brainstem.
Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.
All sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline.
True
False
True
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Its effects are local.
The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.
It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS.
It has short preganglionic fibers.
It has short postganglionic fibers.
It has short preganglionic fibers.
The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________.
adrenal gland
smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta
cardiac muscle in the right atrium
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
parotid salivary gland
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) __________.
norepinephrine (NE)
acetylcholine (ACh) and
norepinephrine (NE)
acetylcholine (ACh)
dopamine
dopamine and norepinephrine (NE)
acetylcholine (ACh)
Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?
Pupillary constriction
Glycogen synthesis
Increased gastric motility
Reduced urinary output
Reduced heart rate
Reduced urinary output
Binding of norepinephrine (NE) to an alpha-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory, and binding to a beta-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory.
True
False
True
Acetylcholine
(ACh) always has an excitatory effect.
True
False
False
The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ___________.
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
dopamine
endorphins
acetylcholine (ACh)
epinephrine (adrenaline)
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter in a paravertebral ganglion?
Preganglionic sympathetic fiber
Postganglionic sympathetic fiber
Somatic motor fiber
Preganglionic parasympathetic fiber
Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber
Preganglionic sympathetic fiber
The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it.
acetylcholine; excite
norepinephrine; excite
monoamine oxidase; inhibit
acetylcholine; inhibit
acetylcholinesterase; excite
acetylcholine; excite
Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.
True
False
True
Sympathetic effects tend to last __________ than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that __________.
shorter; acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
about the same; the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters
shorter; acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
longer; acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
longer; norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called __________ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head, will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to __________ its beats per minute.
baroreceptors; decrease
proprioceptors; decrease
baroreceptors; increase
proprioceptors; increase
chemoreceptors; increase
baroreceptors; decrease
Most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron.
True
False
False
Autonomic function receives input from all these except __________.
spinal cord
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system
spinal cord
White rami carry _________ neurons, while gray rami carry _________ neurons.
myelinated postganglionic; unmyelinated preganglionic
unmyelinated postganglionic; myelinated preganglionic
myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic
unmyelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic
myelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic
myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic
The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___________.
"fight-or-flight" activity
visceral motor activity
autonomic reflex arc activity
visceral tone
autonomic tone
autonomic tone
If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to __________.
acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine (NE)
adrenaline
alpha adrenaline
nicotine
adrenaline
Most preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the dorsal root ganglia.
True
False
False
Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with __________.
no neurons
somatic neurons
parasympathetic neurons
10-20 postganglionic neurons
effectors directly
10-20 postganglionic neurons
Muscarinic receptors bind __________.
epinephrine
norepinephrine
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholine
acetylcholine
The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called __________.
noradrenalinase
adenosine
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
norepinephrinase
norepinephrine hydroxylase
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
It has long postganglionic fibers.
It has long preganglionic fibers.
Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column.
It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect.
It has long preganglionic fibers.
Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?
It controls skeletal muscle contraction.
It has no ganglia along its nerves.
It uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively.
Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
It usually controls conscious actions.
Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
__________ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.
Facial
Trigeminal
Vagus
Celiac
Splanchnic
Splanchnic
__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.
Orgasm
Bronchodilation
Gastrointestinal secretion
Heart rate
Vasomotor tone
Orgasm
Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.
posterior root ganglia; gray matter
posterior root ganglia; autonomic ganglia
gray matter; posterior root ganglia
gray matter; autonomic ganglia
autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
gray matter; autonomic ganglia
A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called __________, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.
glycine
dopamine
serotonin
melatonin
adenosine
adenosine
Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS?
Pupil diameter
Heart rate
Salivary gland activity
Adrenal medulla activity
Gastrointestinal motility
Adrenal medulla activity
Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
Nicotinic receptor
Muscarinic receptor
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
Beta receptor
Muscarinic receptor
All preganglionic fibers of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing at least once there.
True
False
False
Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?
The effector pathway in the somatic reflex arc is myelinated.
The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons.
The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses.
Some of the neurons in the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc are unmyelinated.
The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.
Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to __________.
increase heart rate
decrease heart rate
produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle
produce bronchodilation
decrease heart rate
The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
True
False
True
The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.
True
False
False
The solar plexus is used as a name for the __________.
spinal nerve route
carotid plexus
the celiac and mesenteric ganglia
splanchic nerves
sympathetic nerve route
the celiac and mesenteric ganglia
The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.
always excitatory; always excitatory
excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory
excitatory or inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
always inhibitory; excitatory or inhibitory
always inhibitory; always excitatory
excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory