Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, September 10 from 11PM to 12AM PDT
Home
Subjects
Expert solutions
Create
Log in
Sign up
Upgrade to remove ads
Only ₩37,125/year
-
Flashcards
-
Learn
-
Test
-
Match
-
Flashcards
-
Learn
-
Test
-
Match
Terms in this set (62)
What was the effect of Chinese emperor Qianlong's rejection to the British monarch's request for a less restricted trading relationship?
Chinese continued to strictly control and limit the activities of European misionaries and merchants
By 1912, what had happened to China's long-established imperial state?
It had collapsed and the country went from a central presence in the global economy to a weak participant in a European dominated system; referred to themselves as the Middle Kingdom
What caused China to decline?
Large population growth without an Industrial Revolution to accompany the number of people, internal expansion did not result in wealth or resources like in Europe, bureaucratic state did not enlarge itself and was unable to perform its many functions, European military pressure disrupted internal trade routes
Peasant rebellions in China?
They expressed oppostion to the Qing dynasty because of its foreign origins
What was the Taiping Uprising?
Between 1850-1864, this peasant upheaval found their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity; insisted on revolutionary change to transform China into an industrial nation; believed Qing dynasty "poisened China"; Hakka women were less restricted than traditional Confucian women had more rights but none of this was consistently implemented
How did the Qing dynasty eventually crush the Taiping Uprising?
Divisions and indecisiveness withing Taiping leadership and their inability to link up with other rebel groups in China allowed Qing loyalists to rally and crush them; provincial rather than imperial military forces from the government defeated the rebels
How did the conservatism of China's imperial authorities effect them?
Postponed resolution of the peasant problem, delayed any change for women, and deferred efforts at modernization, destruction by the massive civil war weakened China's economy
How did the Opium Wars come about?
British, American and other Western merchants began growing a lot of Opium and imported it to China in large amounts. Chinese authorities recognized the problems with this: since opium was illegal, it had to be smuggled into China, many officials were corrupted, large outflow of silver to pay for the opium caused economic problems, many opium addicts. Emperor decided to suppress opium and the British, offended, send a naval expedition to China to end the restrictive conditions beginning the Opium War
What ended the Opium war in 1842?
Treaty of Nanjing, largely on British terms, imposed restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened ports to European traders
What was the result of Britain's victory in the second Opium War?
Vandalizing of China's emperor's Summer Palace, more ports were opened to foreign traders who were now able to travel freely and buy land in China and preach Christianity, China lost control of Vietnam, Korea and Taiwan after falling at the hands of the French and Japanese
What had the Western nations plus Japan and Russia achieve in China by the end of the 19th century?
Carved spheres of influence within China, establishing military bases, extracting raw materials and building railroads; China became dependent on Western powers and became a weak nation among many others
What caused China's industrialization, as foreign goods and investment to flood the country unrestricted?
Unequal treaties
Why did China not develop an independent capitalist class to lead to their own Industrial Revolution?
Businessmen mostly served on foreign firms
How did China react to their country's mounting crises?
They came up with "self-strengthening" policies to reinvigorate a traditional China, while borrowing cautiously from the West; Examination system recruited qualified officials; repair of irrigation helped restore social and economic order; industrial factories were established; telegraph was initiated
Why was the self-strengthening program overall inhibited?
Conservative leaders feared that it would erode the power of the landlord class; new industries remained dependent on foreigners and served to strengthen local authorities, who controlled those industries, rather than the central state
What was the Boxer Uprising?
Erupted in northern China, militia organizations called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians; when western powers tried to crush the rebellion in Beijing and imposed a payment on China as punishment, it was clear that they remained a dependent country under foreign control
How did the Chinese view the Qing Dynasty after all the uprisings?
They viewed them as foreign and ineffective in protecting China; by the 1890s people organized a variety of clubs and newspapers to examine China's desperate situation to explore alternative paths;
What did the Chinese believe could save China?
Western like political practices that limited the authority of the ruler and permitted wider circles of people to take part in public life; only a unified nation with rulers closely related could save China from foreign imperialists
Who was the women that argued that liberated women were essential for a strong Chiense nation?
Qiu Jin
What happened in 1911 in China?
Ancient imperial order that had governed China for two millennia collapsed; end of a long era and the beginning of an immense struggle over China's future
How were the Islamic State (Ottoman) and China affected by Europe?
Neither the Ottoman nor China fell under colonial rule, but both were much diminished as the changing balance of global power took hold; bothed aimed at strengthening their states and preserving their independence (defensive modernization)
How was the Ottoman Empire viewed in comparision to Europe by the end of the 19th century?
They were no longer equal, let alone superior; they became known as the "Sick man of Europe"
What happened as the Ottoman Empire began to decline?
THey were unable to prevent regions from falling under Christian powers; domains shrank at teh hands of Russian, British, Austrian and French aggression; Napoleaon's invasion of Egypt was a stunning blow
How did Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania contrast from the Ottman's falling regions?
They achieved independence due to surging nationalism
Economically, how did the Ottoman and Arab lands diminish?
As Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to Asia, competition from cheap European goods hit Ottoman artisans hard and led to urban riots protesting foreign imports; capitulations granted Westerners various exemptions from Ottoman law and taxation
What similarity did the Ottoman Empire and China share?
Both had fallen into a position of dependency on Europe
How did the Ottoman Empire act when they recognized many of their increasing problems?
Mounted ambitious programs of "defensive modernization" that were more sustained and vigorous than the half-hearted measure of self-strengthening in China
For what reasons were the Ottoman Empire's programs of self-strengthening more sustained than in China?
There was no internal upheaval, such as the Taiping Uprising, Middle East did not experience explosive population growth, leadership was culturally similar to its population
Who sought to reorganize and update the army and to draw on European advisers in the Ottoman Empire?
Sultan Selim III; ulama (religious scholars) and elite military corps of Janissaries saw these reforms in conflict with Islam and their own institutional interests; he was overthrown in 1807 due to opposition to his measures
What was the Tanzimat?
It was a more far-reaching reformist measure that took shape as the Ottoman leadership sought to provide the economic, social and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly recentralized state; new departures began a process of modernization and Westernization in the Empire
What was the change that occurred in the legal status of the Ottoman's diverse community?
Non-Muslims were now given equal rights under the law; a mounting tide of secular legislation and secular schools now competed with traditional Islamic institutions
Tanzimat era and gender issues?
They did not directly address gender issues, but generally favored greater opportunities for women
How did the Young Ottomans view the Ottoman Empire?
As a secular state rather than a Muslim state; mostly lower-level officials, military officers, writers, journalists, many who had modern Western-style education; sought major changes in the Ottoman political system; favored democratic style regime
What caused the Sultan Abd al-Hamid II to suspend the reforms of a constitution and an elected parliament?
The pressure of war with Russia
What happened in 1908 that allowed the Young Turks to exercise real power?
They pushed for secularization, permitted elections and competing parties, established a Law of Family Rights for all regardless of religion, encouraged Turkish as the official language of the empire, also gave women more rights
How does China and the Ottoman empire contrast in their outcomes?
China remained present within largely the same territorial space while the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after WWI led to the creation of the new but much smaller nation-state of Turkey; China's revolutionaries rejected traditional Confucian culture more than the secularizing leaders of modern Turkey rejected Islam; Islamic civilization had many independent centers and was never closely associated with a single state
What was the outcome of Mathew Perry's "black ships" in Tokyo Bay, demanding Japan to open up to more "normal" relations with the world?
In the second half of the 19th century, Japan undertook a radical transformation, a "revolution from above"; far from succumbing to Western domination Japan joined the club of imperialist countries by creating its own East Asian empire in China and Korea
What was the chief task of the Tokugawa shogunate?
To prevent the return of civil war among some 260 rival feudal lords, known as daimyo, each of whom had a cadre of armed retainers, the famed samurai warriors; shoguns gave Japan more than two centuries of internal peace
Who were the daimyo?
Feudal lords who retained substantial autonomy in their own domains and behaved in some ways like independent states
How did the samurais change over Japan's 250 years of peace?
Due to an absence of wars to fight, the samurai evolved into a salaried bureaucratic or administrative class, but were still devoted to their code of loyalty, honor and self-sacrifice
Economically, how did Japan advance during the years of peace?
There was a remarkable burst of economic growth, commercialization and urban development; more rice was grown than ever before and by 1750, Japan had become the world's ;most urbanized country
How did the changes in Japan relate to shogunate's efforts?
The changes undermined the shogunate's efforts to freeze Japanese society in the interests of stability
How were peasants' status affected by these changes in Japan?
Many merchants, though from the lowest-ranking status group, prospered in the new commercial environment. Merchants had money, but little status, while samurai enjoyed high status but were often indebted to inferior merchants
What else, other than social change, undermined the Tokugawa regime?
Corruption was widespread, shogunate's failure to deal successfully with a severe famine eroded confidence in its effectiveness, mounting wave of local peasant uprisings expressed the grievances of the poor
Why did Commodore Perry have to force Japan to open their ports for trade?
Since the expulsion of European missionaries and Christianity, Japan had deliberately limited contact with the West to a single port where only Dutch were allowed to trade
How did the Japanese respond to Commodore Perry?
After seeing what happened to China in resisting European demands, Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with various Western powers; this eroded support for the shogunate and triggered a civil war leading to the takeover of the young samurai
What was the Meji restoration?
The decisive turning point in Japan when the country's new rulers claimed that they were restoring to power the young emperor; after eliminating the shogunate, the yung men who led the takeover transformed Japanese society, drawing on the West, in order to save Japan from foreign domination
Why were the Western powers less interested in Japan than China or the Ottoman?
China had a huge potential market for riches and the Ottoman's was located at a strategic crossroads
How did Chinese reforms compare to Japanese reforms?
Like China and the Ottoman, Japanese modernizing efforts were defensive, based on fears that Japanese independence was in danger; Japanese reforms were more cumulative in effect transforming Japan more
How did Japan institute national unity?
Attacked the power of the daimyo and samurai, ending the semi-independent domains of the daimyo and replacing them with governors responsible to the national government; central state rather than local authorities
How did the samurai lose their role as Japan's warrior class?
The old Confucian-based social order was dismantled and almost all Japanese became legally equal as commoners; Although there was opposition (resentful samurai rebellion in 1877), it was wholly a peaceful process
How did Japan feel about the West?
They held an eager fascination with almost everything western and much of their culture was sought out by official missions to Europe and the United States; Japan's slogan was "Civilization and Enlightenment" and both were to be found in the west; However, after this initial wave, Japan proceeded to borrow more selectively
What religion was elevated to the status of an official state cult in Japan?
Shinto
What actions were taken concerning the rights for women in Japan?
Some reformers argued that the oppression of women was an obstacle to the country's modernization but most male reformers understood women in the context of family life; by the 1880s a small feminist movement arose, demanding a more public role for women
What was the Peace Preservation Law of 1887?
In Japan, it was a law in effect until 1922 that forbade women from joining political parties and attending political meetings; to the authorities of Meji Japan, a serious transformation of gender roles was more of a threat than an opportunity
What efforts did Japan make at defensive modernization?
It was a state guided industrialization program in which the government established a number of enterprises, later selling them to private investors; created modern infrastructure; industrialization was organized around large firms called zaibatsu; all was accomplished with their own resources
What caused violent protests in 1883-1884 in Japan?
As peasants slid into poverty, Japan witnessed infanticide, sale of daughters and starvation causing violent protests to peak
What was the environment like in the textile industry in Japan?
Most workers were young women from poor families; their pay was low and working conditions terrible; many ran away or committed suicide while joining strikes which were met with harsh repression by the state authorities
What change occurred after Japan's modern transformation?
Western powers revised the unequal treaties in Japan's favor which had long been a primary goal of the Meji regime; Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902 acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world
What victories did Japan achieve?
Successful wars against China and Russia made Japan the first Asian state to defeat a major European power; Japan also gained colonial control of Taiwan and Korea and a foothold in Manchuria
What effect did Japan's defeat of Russia in 1905 have?
Japan was now seen as an economic, political and military competitor; some Poles, Finns and Jews viewed the Russian defeat as an opening for their own liberation from Russia
How did Japan treat its colonies?
Those who experienced Japanese imperialism in Taiwan or Korea had a negative view of them, for its colonial policies matched or exceeded the brutality of European practices
Sets with similar termsWhap: Chapter 19: Study Guide
38 terms
Vera_Quarshie
AP World Chapter 19 China, the Ottoman Empire, and…
16 terms
asijallie
AP World Chapter 19
28 terms
reaganferl
Chapter 19 Terms
43 terms
Alexandra5272
Other sets by this creatorMKT 320
40 terms
taylornguy
Domestic, Economic, Foreign Policy (6-8)
25 terms
taylornguy
Courts (5)
13 terms
taylornguy
Presidency (3,4)
20 terms
taylornguy
Verified questionsWORLD HISTORY
How were early Greek civilizations shaped by the Minoans and Mycenaens?
Verified answer
WORLD HISTORY
Which of these methods for unification were acceptable to the conquered people?Explain.
Verified answer
WORLD HISTORY
How were the Moguls able to bring almost all of India under one rule?
Verified answer
WORLD HISTORY
How were the government and culture of Athens affected by Pericles' leadership?
Verified answer
Other Quizlet setsLiver
12 terms
Laura_BaggaleyPLUS
EXAM 4 AP
25 terms
paramoure
Double Entries III
17 terms
NSL7572
HUN 1201 ch 8-13
97 terms
Jordan_Jones677PLUS
Related questionsQUESTION
How did the British gain control of Egypt?
9 answers
QUESTION
How did pashas and the grand vizier help the sultan rule?
15 answers
QUESTION
The pragmatic sanction issued by Charles VI in 1713
15 answers
QUESTION
block printing, gunpowder, abacus, compass, porcelain, painting on silk paper, gardens
3 answers