An intermediate criterion of group effectiveness is expressed in all but which of the following?

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Diane Fielding, owner of the famous Mint chain of restaurants, planned to revamp the whole concept and structure of her outlets. With this purpose in mind, she selected five managers from her existing outlets based on their performance in relation to targets, experience, and motivation. Each manager was asked to take up an aspect of the restaurant's functioning like menu, décor, and customer service measures. Diane was sure that this group of high performers possessed a clear understanding of the ground realities, which made them the best candidates to contemplate and implement the required changes. In order to reward them, she announced a hefty bonus for their collective performance. Six months later, after the changes were implemented, Diane realized that the group had made many questionable decisions, which were resulting in problems. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome?

Sets with similar terms

At brickyard tools, one of Jerome's key responsibilities is to evaluate and take correct action concerning the allocation and use of human, financial, and material resources. This describes which of Jerome's managerial responsibilities

A. Long-range planning
b. Supervision
c. coordinationg
d. controlling
e. internal consulting

d. controlling

Which of these is NOT one of the managerial responsibilities identified in the text

a. long-range planning
b. coordinating
c. supervision
d. controlling
e. external consulting

e. external consulting

______ skill include the ability to see the organization as a whole and to understand how various parts fit together to work as integrated unit.

a. Conceptual
b. deductive
c. cognitive
d. human relations
e. Technical

a. Conceptual

_____ is a formal methodology that identifies dysfunctional aspects of workflow, procedures, structures and systems, and then realigns them to fit current business goals and develops plans to implement change.

a. micro-organizational behavior
b. organizational design
c. organizational theory
d. ethics
e. management

b. organizational design

ON a Global Competitiveness Index, which country ranks at the top?

Singapore

_____ is primarily concerned with the behavior of individuals and groups.

a. Micro-organizational behavior
b. Organization theory
c. management
d. culture
e. ethics

a. Micro-organizational behavior

Which of these best describes a company's ability to provide products and services more effectively and efficiently than competitors

a. micro-organizational behavior
b. alienation
c. industrial competitiveness
d. organizational design
e. organizational processes

c. industrial competitiveness

_____ are at the top of the hierarchy and are responsible for the entire organization, especially its strategic direction

a. middle managers
b. executive managers
c. first line managers
d. rank-and-file employees
e. systems management

b. executive managers

Which of the following occupation shows the fastest growth rate in 2016-2026?

a. solar photovoltaic installers
b. application software developers
c. physicians assistants
d. teacher
e. physical therapy assistants

a. solar photovoltaic installers

_____ are responsible for major departments and ay supervise other lower-level managers

a. executive managers
b. middle mangers
c. systems managers
d. first-line managers
e. rank and file employees

b. middle mangers

Work typically serves all of these functions except:

a. an economic function
b. a source of identity and self esteem
c. source of social status in the community
d. social functions
e. a source of alienation

e. a source of alienation

_____ are responsible for supervising frontline employees and carry out day-to-day activities within departments

a. system manager
b. middle managers
c. first-line managers
d. executive managers
e. rank-and-file employees

c. first-line managers

Both the ___ and Human Resources department managers rate high on long-range planning, but will spend less time on the organizational offerings.

a. computer
b. accounting
c. manufacturing
d. marketing
e. transportation

b. accounting

The study of people's behavior is _____ behavior

a. organizational
b. alienation
c. ethical
d. systems
e. management

a. organizational

______ skills represent a manager's ability to organize and analyze information

a. deductive
b. technical
c. cognitive
d. conceptual
e. human relations

d. conceptual

When Susan is involved in strategic planning and development activities at ABC products, it describes which of her managerial positions

a. supervision
b. controlling
c. internal consulting
d. coordinating
e. long range planning

e. long range planning

Which of the following managers focus less on planning, coordinating, and consulting but more on customer relation and external contracts?

a. human resource
b. accounting
c. marketing
d. manufacturing
e. systems

c. marketing

_______ is concerned with organization-wide issues, such as organization design and the relations between an organization and its environment

a. management
b. organization theory
c. micro-organizational behavior
d. macro-economics
e. ethics

b. organization theory

Which of the following represents a person's capacity to acquire and sort through various pieces of information from the environment and organize them in such a way that they make sense?

cognitive complexity

locus of control

extroversion

physical abilities

psychomotor abilities

cognitive complexity

Which of these refers to the tendency among individuals to attribute the events affecting their lives either to their own actions or to external forces?

self-esteem
extroversion
locus of control
dogmatism
dependability

locus of control

Factors such as stature and health are included in ________ determinants.

situational
cultural
family and social group
role
physiological

physiological

Which of the following describe an individual's intellectual capabilities and are closely linked to how a person makes decisions and processes information?

mental abilities
physical abilities
psychomotor abilities
locus of control
extroversion

mental abilities

The "collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another" is _________.
culture
value
morality
cognitive complexity
ethics

culture

Which of the following refers to the ability to perceive fixed geometric figures and their relations with other geometric figures?

perceptual speed
inductive reasoning
number aptitude
spatial aptitude
verbal comprehension

spatial aptitude

An individual who greatly respects those in positions of power is generally supportive of __________ .

subjectivity
dogmatisim
introversion
situational intelligence.
authoritarianism

authoritarianism

Susan can be described as having ____ because she tends to attribute things that happen to her as something over which she has little or no influence.
an external locus of control
illusions of grandeur
high self-esteem
low dogmatism
inadequate dependability

an external locus of control

Which of the following is a dimension of physical abilities?

response orientation
rate control
equilibrium
sense of direction
control precision

equilibrium

Factors that are often unpredictable are ______ determinants.

situational
cultural
physiological
role
family and social group

physiological

People who tend to attribute their successes and failures to their own abilities and efforts have ______ .

subjectivism.
authoritarian approaches to solving the world's problems.
illusions of grandeur.
an internal locus of control.
dogmatistic tendencies.

illusions of grandeur.

Which of these refers to people who direct their energies inwardly and have a greater sensitivity to abstract feelings?
introversion
self-esteem
locus of control
dogmatism
authoritarianism

introversion

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of mental abilities?
spatial aptitude
locus of control
number aptitude
perceptual speed
verbal comprehension

locus of control

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, questions such as "Can most people be trusted or not? and Are people basically good, or are they evil?" explores which of the following dimension of culture?

how people view humanity
how people view activity and achievement
how people view time
how people see nature
how people approach interpersonal relationships

how people view humanity

Which of these refers to the values that help us determine appropriate standards of behavior and place limits on our behavior both inside and outside the organization?

authoritarianism
ethics
dependability
dogmatism
locus of control

ethics

A cognitive style that is characterized by inflexibility is _________ .
dependability
extroversion
locus of control
self esteem
dogmatism

dogmatism

Which of the following refers to the ability to make continuous anticipatory motor adjustments in speed and direction to follow a continuously moving target?

manual dexterity
control precision
equilibrium
rate control
response orientation

rate control

Which of the following refers to the ability to discover a rule or principle and apply it to the solution of a problem?

number aptitude
spatial aptitude
perceptual speed
verbal comprehension
inductive reasoning

inductive reasoning

Which of the following country has the highest average hours worked per worker?

Japan
Germany
South Korea
France
United States

South Korea

A constellation of interacting characteristics best describes _________.

attitude
morality
personality
intelligence
perception

personality

All but which of the following is a major influence on selective attention?
physical properties
response salience
response dispositions
dynamic properties
response certainty

response certainty

______ refers to a tendency to distort or ignore information that is either personally threatening or culturally unacceptable.
Attribution
Perceptual defense
Stereotyping
Self-serving bias
Selective perception

Perceptual defense

________ refers to the extent to which a person is interested in and committed to assigned tasks.
Job involvement
Job satisfaction
Job consistency
Organizational commitment
Organizational involvement

Job involvement

Which of the following represents the first step in the perceptual selectivity process?
retention and response
exposure
interpretation
attention
perception

retention and response

Which of these defines the extent to which you believe that the person being observed would behave consistently when faced with different situations?

distinctiveness
consensus
self-serving bias
consistency
stereotyping

distinctiveness

When people are presented with a situation that contradicts their long-held beliefs and attitudes, ________ is especially pronounced.
attribution
stereotyping
selective perception
perceptual defense
self-serving bias

perceptual defense

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the perceiver?
self-concept
previous experience with the individual
cognitive structure
response salience
subconscious uncertainty

subconscious uncertainty

________ represents the relative strength of an individual's identification with and involvement in an organization.
Job involvement
Organizational involvement
Job satisfaction
Job consistency
Organizational commitment

Organizational commitment

The belief that attitudes emerge as a result of the uniqueness of a given situation is typical of the ________ approach.

operational
situational
dispositional
behavioral
persistence

situational

Which of the following describes the process by which individuals identify objects in the environment for attention?
halo effect
cognitive dissnance
perceptual selectivity
perceptual organization
self-serving bias

perceptual selectivity

The need to ensure that one's behaviors are consistent with their attitudes toward the event refers to which of these?

perceptual selectivity
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution errof
behavioral justification
halo effect

behavioral justification

________ represents a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience.
Team involvement
Job consistency
Job involvement
Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment

Job satisfaction

The influence of positive arbitrary biases is called the _______.
horn effect
cognitive dissonance
response disposition
perceptual organization
halo effect

halo effect

People experience __________ when they find themselves acting in a fashion that is inconsistent with their attitudes.
halo effect
denial
cognitive dissonance
consistency
stereotyping

cognitive dissonance

Which of these defines a tendency to underestimate the effects of external or situational causes of behavior and to overestimate the effects of internal or personal causes?
perceptual selectivity
halo effect
stereotyping
fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias

fundamental attribution error

The process by which attributes are assigned to people solely on the basis of their class or category is ________.
self-serving bias
perceptual defense
stereotyping
selective perception
attribution

stereotyping

The influence of negative arbitrary biases is called the _______.
horn effect
perceptual organziation
response disposition
halo effect
cognitive dissonance

horn effect

______ concerns the process by which an individual interprets events as being caused by a particular part of a relatively stable environment
Attribution theory
Selective perception
Self-serving bias
Stereotyping
Perceptual defense

Attribution theory

Response salience refers to the tendency to focus on objects that relate to our ______ needs or wants.
None of the other answers is correct.
unnecessary
subconscious
innate
immediate

immediate

A predisposition to respond in a favorable or unfavorable way to objects or people in one's environment is the definition of _______.
internal locus of control.
an attitude.
a perception.
personal values
cognitive dissonance.

an attitude.

People associate verbal or visual stimuli with the problem of _______ coding.
behavioral
symbolic
systematic
speech
noticeable

symbolic

Which of the following is defined as the process of molding behavior through the reciprocal interaction of a person's cognitions, behavior, and environment?
law of effect
avoidance learning
classical conditioning
social learning theory
behavior modification

social learning theory

Which of these aims to identify discrepancies between what management sees as desired or acceptable behavior and actual behavior?
performance audit
positive reinforcement
extinction
reciprocal determinism
behavioral dilemmas

performance audit

________ and measurable behavior is the focus of behavior modification advocates.
Marketable
Time-based
Achievable
Observable
Difficult

Observable

In _____, the unconditioned stimulus, acting as a sort of reward, is administered during every trial. In contrast, in ______ the reward results only when individuals choose the correct response.
operant conditioning; vicarious learning
vicarious learning; classical conditioning
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
classical conditioning; vicarious learning

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Through observing and imitating others, ______ learning takes place.

classical
operant
vicarious
positive
social

operant

Which of the following strategies for behavioral change suggests that undesired behavior will decline as a result of a lack of positive reinforcement?
learning reinforcement
extinction
negative reinforcement
symbolic coding
punishment

extinction

Which of the following strategies for behavioral change focus on supervisory attempts to reduce the incidence of undesired behavior?
Avoidance learning and extinction
Extinction and punishment
Punishment and positive reinforcement
Avoidance learning and punishment
Positive reinforcement and avoidance learning

Extinction and punishment

In ______, changes in behavior are thought to arise through changes in stimuli, whereas in ______, changes in behavior are thought to result from the consequences of previous behavior.

vicarious learning; classical conditioning
classical conditioning; vicarious learning
operant conditioning; vicarious learning
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
classical conditioning; operant conditioning

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

The process of improving performance incrementally is ________.
shaping
coaching
substitution
extinction
reinforcement

shaping

There is heavy emphasis on _______ processes with behavioral self-management.
cognitive
motivational
sensory
All of the other answers are correct
intuititive

cognitive

Which of the following strategies for behavioral change focus on bringing about the desired response from the employee?

Avoidance learning and extinction
Extinction and punishment
Positive reinforcement and avoidance learning
Punishment and positive reinforcement
Avoidance learning and punishment

Positive reinforcement and avoidance learning

An example of a _________ reinforcement is a weekly paycheck.
fixed ratio
proportional ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
fixed interval

fixed interval

Which of the following defines the process whereby a stimulus-response bond is developed between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response through the repeated linking of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
behavior modification
operant conditioning
vicarious learning
classical conditioning
avoidance learning

classical conditioning

Which of the following measures the effects of reinforcements, or rewards, on desired behaviors?
avoidance learning
vicarious learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
behavior modification

operant conditioning

Sara, a service manager at Auto Services, knows that on the average her performance is evaluated and rewarded about once a month, but she does not know when this event will occur. This is an example of which of the following schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
operant interval
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval

variable interval

Which of the following strategies for behavioral change describes the administration of unpleasant or adverse outcomes as a result of undesired behavior?
positive reinforcement
symbolic coding
extinction
avoidance learning
punishment

punishment

Which of these represents the final step in a behavior modification program?
conduct a performance audit
establish behavioral criteria
administer feedback and rewards
evaluate results
set specific behavioral goals

administer feedback and rewards

In _______, there is a saying that "the nail that sticks up gets hammered down."
Bulgaria
France
Japan
England
Germany

Japan

Which of these represents the first step in a behavior modification program?

administer feedback and rewards
conduct a performance audit
establish behavioral criteria
set specific behavioral goals
evaluate results

establish behavioral criteria

______ suggests that when we first come into contact with others, we categorize them as belonging to an in-group or an out-group.
Social cognitive theory
Social identity theory
Schema theory
Justification suppression theory
Cognitive diversity hypothesis

Social identity theory

Which act prohibits any discrimination as it relates to pregnancy, including hiring, firing, compensation, training, job assignment, insurance, or any other employment conditions?
EPA
PDA
ADEA
WTFA
FMLA

PDA

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of diversity?
system flexibility
cost advantages
improved resource acquisition
greater marketing expenditures
enhanced creativity

greater marketing expenditures

______ occurs when an employee or an applicant is treated unfairly at work or in the job hiring process due to an identity group, condition, or personal characteristic.

Groupthink
Dislexia
Revealing
Workplace discrimination
Cognitive dissonance

Workplace discrimination

The ______ suggests that the different life experiences, skills, and perspectives that members of diverse cultural identity groups possess can be a valuable resource in the context of work groups.

justification -suppression model
discrimination-and-fairness perspective
access-and-legitimacy perspective
cognitive diversity hypothesis
integration-and-learning perspective

integration-and-learning perspective

Which term describes discrimination that manifests itself in ways that are not visible or readily identifiable, yet is serious because it can impact interpersonal interactions between employees, employees and customers, and other important workplace relationships?
treatment
access
age
reverse
covert

covert

Which of these refers to differences between team members in characteristics such as expertise, experiences, and perspectives?
cognitive diversity
treatment discrimination
schema theory
reverse discrimination
covert discrimination

cognitive diversity

James is always telling lewd jokes and is known for making offensive comments about women in general. James can be considered as creating which of these?

hostile environment
quid pro quo harassment
groupthink
inclusive environment
glass ceiling

hostile environment

According to experts, hiring discrimination against _____ has not declined over the past 25 years while workplace discrimination against other racial minority groups has declined.

blacks
women
Hispanics
white males
Asians

Asian

Which of the following groups is projected to make up almost one-fifth of the labor force by 2024?
African-American
White males
Hispanics
women
Asians

Hispanics

Which term is commonly used to refer to ways in which organizations seek to ensure that members of diverse groups are valued and treated fairly within organizations in all areas including hiring, compensation, performance evaluation, and customer service activities?

managing diversity
quid pro quo
valuing diversity
inclusion
groupthink

managing diversity

Which act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, public services, public accommodations, and in telecommunications?
ADA
PDA
FERPA
WTFA
FMLA

ADA

Which is an invisible barrier based on the prejudicial beliefs that underlie organizational decisions that prevent women from moving beyond certain levels within a company?

group think
quid pro quo
glass ceiling
inclusion
diversity

glass ceiling

Which agency was created by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the primary goal of making it illegal to discriminate against someone in the workplace due to their race, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or pregnancy status?

SEC
NRA
ADA
EPA
EEOC

EEOC

Which term describes a collective of individuals who share the same demographic characteristics such as race, sex, or age?
Diversity
Groupthink
Identity group
Quid pro quo
Inclusion

Identity group

Women today earn about ____ cents to every dollar that men earn, even while performing the same or similar jobs.
30
55
80
95
115

A dysfunction in decision-making that occurs in homogeneous groups as a result of group pressures and group members' desire for conformity and consensus is called ____.

revealing
groupthink
passing
inclusion
cognitive diversity

groupthink

Which term represents an individual's visible characteristics, including, but not limited to, age, body size, visible disabilities, race, or sex?
managing diversity
surface-level diversity
deep-level diversity
valuing diversity
hidden diversity

surface-level diversity

_____________ represents the degree to which employees are accepted and treated fairly by their organization.
diversity
identity group
groupthink
quid pro quo
inclusion

inclusion

________ discrimination is a catchall term that describes when people are denied employment opportunities because of their identity group or personal characteristics such as sex, race, age, or other factors.
Covert
Reverse
Access
Age
Treatment

Access

Poor decision-making by lower-level managers can lead to any of the following adverse outcomes EXCEPT:

reduced morale if the decisions involve managing workers

increased expenses if there are too many supplies

frustration among employees if the decisions involve training workers

increased turnover if the decisions involve managing workers

increased productivity if there are too few workers

Ordering office supplies based on stock running low most likely happens using which approach?
self=awareness
high-involvement
nonprogrammed
reflective
programmed

programmed

Tamara want to improve her decision making when she is making programmed decisions. Which of the following she should focus on?
engage in critical thinking
talk to other people
heuristics
be creative
systematically go through the six steps of the decision-making process

heuristics

While _______ decisions will generally need to be processed via the ______ system in our brains in order for us to reach a good decision, with ______ decisions, heuristics can allow decision makers to switch to the quick, _____ system.

nonprogrammed; reactive; programmed; reflective

nonprogrammed; reactive; programmed; reactive

programmed; reflective; nonprogrammed; reflective

nonprogrammed; reflective; programmed; reactive

None of the other answers is correct.

nonprogrammed; reflective; programmed; reactive

Which of the following describes conflict between individuals that is more personal and involves attacks on a person rather than an idea?

time pressures
escalation of commitment
relationship
process
confirmation bias

relationship

Which term best describes mental shortcuts?

heuristics
bounded rationality
emotional intelligence
reflective
nonprogrammed

heuristics

Recognizing that the issue has a moral component represents which element of James Rest's ethical decision-making model?

moral sensitivity
moral intention
moral judgment
moral motivation
moral character/action

moral sensitivity

For most people, buying a house can be described as which of these types of a decision?
low-involvement
nonprogrammed
programmed
heuristics-driven
reactive

programmed

_____ refer to our beliefs about what is right vs. wrong, good vs. evil, virtuous vs. corrupt.
groupthink
ad hominem
bounded rationality
heuristics
ethics and morals

ethics and morals

Which term best describe the individuals or groups that are affected by an organization?
bounded rationality
heuristics
ad hominem
relationship conflict
stakeholders

stakeholders

Which of the following describe conditions when we tend to pay more attention to information that agrees with our existing beliefs and less attention to information that is contrary to our beliefs?
conditions of uncertainty

time pressures
confirmation bias
escalation of commitment
emotional intelligence conditions

confirmation bias

Which of the following represents the first step in the decision making process?
Select an alternative
Evaluate the effectiveness of the selected alternative
Analyze the alternatives.
Generate multiple alternatives.
Recognize that a decision needs to be made.

Recognize that a decision needs to be made

Sam, marketing manager at ABC Products, argues that XY Products, their biggest competitor is spending more on marketing than ABC. XY have a larger share of the market. Therefore, ABC should spend more on marketing. This argument represents which of the following fallacies?
ad hominem
bandwagon approach
non sequitur
false cause
genetic fallacy

non sequitur

Which term best describe decisions that are repeated over time and for which an existing set of rules can be developed to guide the process?
programmed
emotional intelligence
bounded rationality
nonprogrammed
heuristics

programmed

________ intentionally takes on the role of critic.
Brainstorming
Groupthink
The devil's advocate
Heuristics
Suppression of dissent

The devil's advocate

Which of the following terms illustrates that decision making process is limited with incomplete information as well as our capacity to process all the information?
programmed
heuristics
bounded rationality
emotional intelligence
nonprogrammed

bounded rationality

______ is the ability to recognize, understand, pay attention to, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
Heuristic
Bounded rationality
Emotional intelligence
Nonprogrammed decision
Programmed decision

Emotional intelligence

Which term best describes decisions that are novel, unstructured and generally based on criteria that are not well-defined?
nonprogrammed
programmed
reactive
low-involvement
heuristics driven

nonprogrammed

Which of the following is NOT an element of emotional intelligence?
self-regulation
empathy
heuristic
social skills
self-awareness

self-regulation

_______ is the generation of new or original ideas; it requires the use of imagination and the ability to step back from traditional ways of doing things and seeing the world.
Satisficing
Groupthink
Creativity
Bounded rationality
Heuristics

Creativity

An overriding principle of Maslow's theory of needs is

the fact self-actualization is never achieved.

hat a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied.

people start at the highest level of the need and work their way down to lower levels.

people are driven by self-actualization.

people go through the five levels in a mechanical fashion.

hat a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied.

According to the ERG theory, all of the following would be opportunities for growth EXCEPT

autonomy
achievement.
creativity.
interesting work.
social recognition.

achievement.

The degree to which people put forth effort to achieve their target refers to what component of motivation?
direction
intensity
persistence
cognition
goal setting component

intensity

Expectancy theory states that people

will exert the strongest effort when E1 or E2 is weak.

perceive that performance is not related to outcomes.

will choose the effort level that results in the maximum amount of positively valued outcomes.

perceive no relationship between effort and performance.

will exert the strongest effort when E2 is weak but not E1.

will choose the effort level that results in the maximum amount of positively valued outcomes.

The need to socialize with other people is

manifest.

physiological

blurred or difficult to determine.

hereditary.

learned.

manifest.

According to Herzberg, hygiene needs must be met in order to

avoid dissatisfaction.

establish high job content.

achieve dissatisfaction.

motivate individuals to perform well.

achieve job satisfaction.

avoid dissatisfaction.

The major implication for managers using Maslow's need theory of motivation is

to design jobs that are self-actualizing by their very nature.

explore additional needs to satisfy.

to invert the pyramid.

help employees satisfy lower order needs.

to focus on higher order needs.

explore additional needs to satisfy.

McClelland has argued that the most important motivator for successful managers is the need for

affiliation.

achievement.

personal power.

social power.

humility.

social power.

A force within or outside of the body that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior is known as:

intensity
ability
effort
emotion
motivation

motivation

In Self Determination Theory (SDT), performing an activity in order to attain a valued outcome refers to

intrinsic motivation.
extrinsic motivation.
need for affiliation.
cognitive dissonance
intrinsic reward.

extrinsic motivation.

The knowledge, skills, and receptiveness to learning that an individual brings to a task or job refers to:
emotion
motivation
ability
job experience
intelligence

ability

Which of the following conditions will result in low performance according to expectancy theory?

When low performance is not associated with negative outcomes.
When people are over-qualified for the jobs they are asked to perform.
When good performance is associated with positive outcomes.
When effort will result in good performance.
When low performance is associated with negative outcomes.

When low performance is not associated with negative outcomes.

people inherently believe they are under-compensated.
some people want more rewards than others.
that individuals should generally be paid equally, regardless of job performance.
that people continuously monitor the degree to which their work environment is fair.
people believe they perform better than others.

that people continuously monitor the degree to which their work environment is fair.

Whatever need is motivating a person at a given time is
usually not particularly relevant.
a latent need.
a manifest need.
is dependent on self-actualization.
probably a physiological set of needs

a manifest need.

A need that cannot be inferred from a person's behavior at a given time, yet the person may still possess that need is called a
latent need.
self actualizing need
growth need.
manifest need.
None of the other answers is correct.

latent need.

When a behavior causes something undesirable to be taken away and the behavior is therefore more likely to be repeated in the future, the type of consequence used is called

negative reinforcement.
positive reinforcement.
avoidance learning.
extinction.
punishment.

punishment.

The value a worker attaches to an outcome is typically based on
valence.
perception.
objective reality.
pay.
fairness as tested by a collection of other's perceptions.

pay.

Which of these exists when the outputs of one unit or group become the inputs for another?
linking role
reciprocal interdependence
sequential interdependence
decoupling
pooled interdependence

sequential interdependence

Which of these refers to a position or unit within the organization that is charged with overseeing and coordinating the activities of two or more groups?
linking role
pooled interdependence
sequential interdependence
decoupling
reciprocal interdependence

linking role

During which stage in group development, group members come to accept fellow members and develop a unity of purpose that binds them?
forming
performing
norming
adjourning
storming

norming

Which of these groups are classified as informal?
norm
cohesiveness
incongruence
status
think

cohesiveness

A work group _______ may be defined as a standard that is shared by group members and that regulates member behavior within an organization.
norm
attitude
personality
cohesiveness
role

norm

Which of these refers to a condition where individuals may simply receive too many role-related messages?
role conflict
linking role
role set
role overload
role ambiguity

role overload

Which of these groups is considered relatively temporary?
virtual and formal
task and command
task and interest
command and friendship
functional and task

task and interest

Which of these refers to a condition that can arise when individuals receive multiple and sometimes contradictory messages from various groups, all attempting to assign them a particular role?
role set
linking role
role ambiguity
role overload
role conflict

role conflict

When people join groups because they want to interact with other people and develop meaningful relationships, it describes which of the following reasons why they join groups?
security
economic sel-interest
social needs
mutual interests
physical proximity

social needs

During which stage in group development, a high degree of intergroup conflict can usually be expected?
norming
performing
storming
adjourning
forming

storming

Which of these refers to a tendency for individual group members to reduce their effort on a group task?

role ambiguity
status incongruence
role conflict
task uncertainty
social loafing

social loafing

Which of the following is considered a design factor in determination of work group effectiveness?
group composition
sharing knowledge
reducing conflict
fostering commitment
availability of training

sharing knowledge

Which of these represent the first stage of a role episode model?
perceived expectations for a particular position
actual role behavior
new member indoctrination
Group expectations for a particular position
communication about group expectations

Group expectations for a particular position

Those factors inside and outside the organization that can affect the group's performance are referred to as task ______.
definitions
norms
significance
environment
attitudes

environment

_________ groups tend to be less permanent.
Task
Command
Functional
Virtual
Formal