totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture
the worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers
a general practice found in every culture
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
the evaluation of a people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
the process of making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality
the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention
the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets, through trade and the exchange of ideas
the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society
the process through which the principles of teh fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the US and throughout the world
the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication, as well as ways of using material objects
the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society
specialized language used by members of a subculture
a subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they witness cultural practices different from their own
an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication
an established standard of behavior maintained by a society
a norm that generally has been written down and specifies strict punishment of violators
governmental social control
a norm that generally is understood but is not precisely recorded
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society
a norm governing everyday social behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern
penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-- or bad, undesirable, and improper
the polarization of society over controversial elements of culture
a set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
a distinct identity that sets one apart from others
the self is the product of our social interactions with other people
the gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication
the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another in order to respond from that imagined viewpoint
the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior
those individuals who are most important in the development of the self
a term used to refer to the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
a view of social interaction that examines people as if they were theatrical performers
Cognitive Theory of Development
Piaget's theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development
the expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males or females
a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status
a research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death
Anticipatory Socialization
processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life
a term to refer to institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as prisons, the military, mental hospitals, and convents
an aspect of the resocialization process within total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating ritutals