13489834978
Cold War
A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.
0
authoritarian
A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
1
13489834980
containment
a foreign policy of collective security, in which economic security was recognized as a major component
2
13489834981
communist
A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.
3
13489834982
free-market economy
A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.
4
13489834983
nuclear
U.S. policy following World War II, was one of maintaining a strong military and building up a ______________ arsenal.
5
13489834984
ICBM
Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).
6
13489834985
civil liberties
During the quest to stop the spread of communism in the American ____________ were under threat.
7
13489834986
SALT Talks
Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.
8
13489834987
McCarthy
His investigative tactics found support among many Americans because there was widespread fear of communist infiltration in the United States.
9
13489834988
Tet Offensive
One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam
10
13489834989
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.
11
13489834990
Martin Luther King, Jr.
An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
12
13489834991
communists
Joseph McCarthy used various methods to root out possible __________ within the United States
13
13489834992
boycott
To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.
14
13489834993
WWI
The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with the attacks on radicals and immigrants following _________.
15
13489834994
sit-In
A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
16
13489834995
Executive Order 9981
Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.
17
13489834996
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)
Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.
18
13489834997
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
19
13489834998
The Great Society
A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.
20
13489834999
The Baby Boom
(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.
21
13489835000
social mobility
The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.
22
13489835001
suburb
A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.
23
13489835002
Sun Belt
A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.
24
13489835003
Counterculture
A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.
25
13489835004
Asia
The U.S. applied the policy of containment in _________ as well as in Europe.
26
13489835005
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
27
13489835006
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.
28
13489835007
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.
29
13489835008
Roe v. Wade (1973)
The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
30
13489835009
Dwight D. Eisenhower
A World War II hero and former supreme commander of NATO who became U.S. president in 1953 after easily defeating Democratic opponent Adlai E. Stevenson.
31
13489835010
Dixiecrats
Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.
32
13489835011
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.
33
13489835012
Marshall Plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
34
13489835013
Joseph McCarthy
The senator of Wisconsin; he charged 205 State Department employees, and accused them of being communist party members, but they were never proven. Eventually he came across as a bully, and his popularity plunged.
35
13489835014
Soviet Union
A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.
36
13489835015
Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.
37
13489835016
Rosa Parks
The actions of ________ led to the Reverend Martin Luther King becoming a national figure in politics.
38
13489835017
NSC-68
A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.
39
13489835018
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
40
13489835019
Beat Generation
The 1950s literary and cultural movement that rejected the decade's social conformity was called the
41
13489835020
Martin Luther King, Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
42
13489835021
Malcolm X
Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.
43
13489835022
Little Rock Nine
In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed
Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
44
13489835023
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.
45
13489835024
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
46
13489835025
John F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963
47
13489835026
Election of 1960
Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.
48
13489835027
Kent State Shootings
Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.
49
13489835028
Golf of Tonkin Resolution
Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.
50
13489835029
Truman Doctrine of 1947
Its purpose was to prevent communism from spreading further through military aggression
51
13489835030
War Powers Act
1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.
52
13489835031
Richard Nixon
Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.
53
13489835032
New Conservatism
This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.
54
13489835033
Iron Curtain
A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.
55
13489835034
Joseph McCarthy
He effectively played on the fears of Americans that communists had infiltrated the State department and other federal agencies
56
13489835035
Fair Deal
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
57
13489835036
Rosenberg Trial
The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.
58
13489835037
House Un-American Activities Committee
The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.
59
13489835038
Interstate Act
The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.
60
13489835039
Suez Crisis
Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.
61
13489835040
Massive Retaliation
The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.
62
13489835041
U-2 Incident
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
63
13489835042
Operation Wetback
Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.
64
13489835043
Affluent Society
Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.
65
13489835044
Beats
Young people, many of whom were writers and artists, who discussed their dissatisfaction with the American society of the 1950s.
66
13489835045
Hippies
Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.
67
13489835046
Betty Frieden
Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) she spoke out against women seeking fulfillment solely as wives and mothers and wanted women to "establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity."
68
13489835047
Warren Court
The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.
69
13489835048
bracero
A program in which Mexican workers to come to the U.S. as temporary laborers from the 1940s to the 1960s
70
13489835049
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.
71
13489835050
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.
72
13489835051
Castro in Cuba, Sputnik, U-2 spy plane
Three crisis points during Eisenhower's presidency
73
13489835052
consumerism
The baby boom generation spurred ___________ as manufacturers produced age-specific products for "boomers."
74
13489835053
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
75
13489835054
Freedom rides
1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.
76
13489835055
SNCC
(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.
77
13489835056
March on Washington
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
78
13489835057
Black Power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
79
13489835058
Black Panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
80
13489835059
38th Parallel
Korea was divided at the
81
13489835060
Cesar Chavez
Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
82
13489835061
Elvis Presley
1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s.
83
13489835062
D. Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka directly contradicted the legal principle established by
84
13489835063
baby boom
The ______________ generation was sometimes referred to as a "pig in a python" because society had to adjust to baby boomers as they passed through various life stages
85
13489835064
Equal Rights Amendment
A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.
86
13489835065
Silent Spring
A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.
87
13489835066
Berlin Airlift
the delivery of goods and necessities after a Soviet blockade of West Berlin
88
13489835067
Koren War
Truman's containment policy worked by stopping Communist aggression without allowing the conflict to develop into a world war.
89
What was the National Security Act Apush?
Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
What was the Marshall Plan Apush?
Marshall Plan: The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. NATO: a formal alliance between the territories of North American and Europe.
Which of the following explains the context for United States economic development between 1950 and the early 1970s?
Which of the following explains the context for United States economic development between 1950 and the early 1970s? Low unemployment encouraged American optimism about economic growth. "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory.
What was the Berlin blockade Apush?
Berlin Blockade. The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.